A charred skull, believed to be of a\u00a0baby orangutan, under a burned tree in
Tripa Peat Swamp, Aceh.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\nIndriyanto accompanied Tempo\u00a0during a trip over a week ago to the burned\u00a0peat swamp forests of Tripa in Aceh.\u00a0Both Indriyanto and Suratman, the local\u00a0guides, were convinced that this was the\u00a0skull of a baby orangutan which had perished\u00a0in recent fires within the forest, which has gradually been cleared to make way for\u00a0palm oil plantations. Both guides were convinced\u00a0that they had seen two orangutans a\u00a0few months ago in this peat swamp.<\/p>\n
Tripa was a lush peatland forest but a\u00a0permit to convert the peat swamp into plantantations\u00a0changed all that. The permit had\u00a0been issued to plantation company Kallista\u00a0Alam by then-Aceh Governor Irwandy\u00a0Yusuf. Ground checks carried out by a\u00a0joint government investigation team found\u00a0evidence that Tripa, home to the critically endangered orangutan, had not just been\u00a0cleared out and replanted with palm oil\u00a0plantations by Kallista and another palm\u00a0oil company, Surya Panen Subur (SPS), it\u00a0had been slashed, burned, and drained of\u00a0its natural water. Fewer than 400 Sumatran\u00a0tigers remain in the wild, and orangutans\u00a0in Tripa have been reduced to just\u00a0200 this year.<\/p>\n
Throughout 2011 and 2012, the Sustainable\u00a0Ecosystem foundation and Aceh\u2019s Natual\u00a0Resources Conservation Agency relocated\u00a0six orangutans from the Tripa peatland\u00a0swamp, to a virgin forested area in\u00a0Central Aceh.<\/p>\n
It is now extremely difficult to come\u00a0across a live orangutan in Tripa. As far as\u00a0the eye can see, only charred trees and\u00a0ash falling from those trees can be seen,\u00a0with smoke still billowing out from several\u00a0zones. Trekkers walking on the terrain\u00a0have to use the broken trees and branches\u00a0as a guide to tread on safely, or end up having\u00a0one\u2019s feet sinking into the thinning peat\u00a0layers of the land. The GPS communications\u00a0system proved to be quite helpful for\u00a0navigation. \u201cIn the past, I used to put traps\u00a0under the branches and roots, to catch catfish,\u201d Suratman reminisced.<\/p>\n
After crossing a 5-meter-wide canal separating\u00a0the fields of Kallista and Surya, Suratman\u00a0stood atop a pile of felled trees. He\u00a0took out his pair of binoculars, and took a\u00a0long look at the watchtower at a distance.\u00a0\u201cEmpty,\u201d Suratman said. They entered the\u00a0restricted area of hundreds of hectares of\u00a0plotted fields, boundaries of which were\u00a0marked by the canal. In some plots, palm\u00a0plantations reaching an average height of\u00a050 centimeters could be seen.<\/p>\n
\u25cf \u25cf \u25cf<\/p>\n
LAST May, a dozen investigators from the\u00a0National Police and Environment Ministry\u00a0examined allegations against the managements\u00a0of Kallista Alam and SPS. The focus\u00a0was on two major criminal violations: use\u00a0of fire to clear land, and planting on land\u00a0with peat layers more than 3 meters deep.\u00a0Palm oil plantation companies are the\u00a0main culprit behind the destruction of the\u00a0Tripa peat swamp as well as other regions\u00a0in Aceh. Before they were plundered and\u00a0turned into palm plantations in the 80s,\u00a0the peatlands in the south western shoreline\u00a0of Aceh served as sponge basins to\u00a0store water. The peat swamp would absorb\u00a0water during the rainy season, preventing\u00a0floods, and, during the dry season, it slowly\u00a0released the water, averting droughts.<\/p>\n
The burning, building of canals on the\u00a0peatland and draining today threatens to\u00a0drown Tripa, as it continues to experience\u00a0land subsidence every year. Such conditions\u00a0cause it to flood easily.<\/p>\n
No less important is the fact that Tripa\u00a0was home to so many endangered Sumatran\u00a0orangutans (Pongo abelii)<\/em>. A massive\u00a0portion of Sumatra\u2019s orangutan population\u00a0live in peat swamps along the Aceh coastline\u00a0where palm and rattan trees grow abundantly.\u00a0The remainder are spread out in the\u00a0forests within Aceh\u2019s protected Leuser Ecosystem\u00a0and the North Sumatra forests.<\/p>\nUntil the early 1990s, a total of 1,000\u00a0orangutans existed across the 62,000 hectares\u00a0of the Tripa peat swamp. But misfortune\u00a0came in the form of land-use permits,\u00a0or HGU, issued during the New Order regime\u00a0to many private companies in 1991.\u00a0These companies promptly converted the\u00a0forests into palm plantations.\u00a0There are currently seven companies\u00a0holding the HGU permit to operate within\u00a0Tripa, each entitled to exploit between\u00a03,000 to 13,000 hectares, leaving only\u00a0around 17,000 hectares of undisturbed peatland.<\/p>\n
Experts on orangutans argue that the\u00a0area is too small to accommodate around\u00a0280 orangutans surviving in Tripa.\u00a0According to Director of the Sumatran\u00a0Orangutan Conservation Programme, Ian\u00a0Singleton, a large part of the Tripa forests\u00a0that burned down were the primary habitat\u00a0for the orangutans. \u201cIn the past, we saw\u00a0many orangutans in the area,\u201d he said. The\u00a0construction of canals and the draining\u00a0have also dried up the water from the peatlands.\u00a0Even if it were not burned, the vegetation\u00a0providing food for the orangutans\u00a0will die due to the lack of water. Referring\u00a0to a study last year, Singleton estimated\u00a0that the peatlands and orangutans in Rawa\u00a0Tripa could be wiped out by 2015.<\/p>\n
\u25cf \u25cf \u25cf<\/p>\n
Ali Basyiah has had to spend his afternoons\u00a0without a shirt in recent years. This\u00a0resident of Kuala Semayam village finds the\u00a0heat hard to bear. \u201cThe weather became increasingly\u00a0hot since the palm plantation\u00a0companies started operating here,\u201d said\u00a0Ali, whose village is located near the field\u00a0managed by Kallista Alam.<\/p>\n
According to records dated November 14,\u00a02007, the temperature around Tripa rose\u00a0drastically. It measured 37\u00b0C\u00a0at 9:30am,\u00a0and three hours later, it had gone up to\u00a043\u00b0C. Five years later, Ali feels the temperature\u00a0continues to rise in his village. Ali is\u00a0feeling the heat not only from the rising\u00a0temperature but also from the declining income\u00a0from fishing. Farming and fishing activities\u00a0have evaporated in the area, threatening\u00a0the lives of people who depend on\u00a0the forests for their food and livelihood.<\/p>\n
Once, all he had to do to get his fish, was\u00a0to place dozens of traps under the river water,\u00a0and he would net around 30 kilograms\u00a0of catfish and three sacks of clams at the\u00a0end of each day. Such a life is long gone. At\u00a0best, after painstaking hunting upstream,<\/p>\n
Ali is able to catch just 10 kilograms of catfish a day.\u00a0Director of the Aceh chapter of the Indonesian\u00a0Forum for the Environment (Walhi),\u00a0T.M. Zulfikar, said that the experience\u00a0of the locals around Tripa in the past five\u00a0years is quite different from the aspirations\u00a0of the Aceh Green program designed\u00a0by then-Governor Irwandi Yusuf, following\u00a0his election in early 2007.<\/p>\n
Based on the data, Zulfikar said that before\u00a02007, some 20,000 hectares of forests\u00a0in Aceh were destroyed annually. Since\u00a0then, the number has increased to 40,000\u00a0hectares per annum. \u201cThe Aceh government\u00a0does not practice what it preaches,\u201d\u00a0said Adnan N.S of the Sustainable Ecosystem\u2019s\u00a0management. \u25cf UNTUNG WIDYANTO<\/strong><\/p>\n![\"Screen](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.ekuatorial.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/Screen-Shot-2014-01-25-at-6.51.26-PM1.png?resize=620%2C799&ssl=1\")
<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Orangutans were not the only ones driven away from the fires at\u00a0the Tripa peat swamp. Local residents have found the heat rising\u00a0from the peatland forest unbearable. A primate\u2019s charred skull,\u00a0no larger than a tennis ball,\u00a0lay under a scorched tree. No\u00a0one said anything up to that\u00a0point. But as soon as Tempo\u00a0attempted to lift the object, two […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2037,"featured_media":65361,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[3913,4003,3995],"tags":[],"partner":[],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-62797","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biodiversity","category-kalimantan-en","category-moluccas"],"yoast_head":"\n
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A joint team\u00a0investigates possible violations that destroyed the\u00a0once rich peatland forest. In the middle of a vast, burned-down\u00a0forest littered with charred, blackened\u00a0tree trunks, Basuki Wasis instructs\u00a0one of his staff to stick a pipe\u00a0into the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Forests"","block_context":{"text":"Forests","link":"https:\/\/www.ekuatorial.com\/en\/category\/topics\/forests\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Irwandi Yusuf. 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